Do otimismo à agressão: cognições positivas preveem comportamento violento em homens

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.6853

Barra lateral de artigos

PDF HTML (Español (España)) Lector Inteligente (Español (España)) ePub (Español (España))

Publicado: mar 30, 2020
Edição: v. 38 n. 1 (2020): Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana
Seção Artículos


Palavras-chave: comportamento agressivo; otimismo irrealista; autoconfiança; testosterona; cortisol

Conteúdo do artigo principal

Autores

  João Carlos Centurion Cabral
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande.
Mikael Almeida Corrêa
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
Vera Torres das Neves
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande.
Ana Cristina Garcia Dias
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
Rosa Maria Martins de Almeida
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Resumo

As pessoas costumam ter expectativas excessivamente otimistas sobre si mesmas e sobre o futuro. As cognições e emoções negativas têm efeitos diretos sobre o comportamento agressivo; contudo, são escassos os estudos que consideraram a relevância das cognições positivas, como a autoconfiança e o otimismo. Neste estudo, buscamos avaliar se o viés de otimismo, a percepção positiva de habilidades pessoais e a autoconfiança preveem a ocorrência de agressão em homens. Verificamos também se a testosterona e o cortisol são mediadores da relação entre as cognições positivas e a agressão. Nossos resultados indicam que o viés de otimismo e a autoconfiança são preditores significativos de agressão. Embora os hormônios esteroides tenham previsto a ocorrência das cognições positivas, nenhuma medida hormonal mediou a relação do otimismo ou da autoconfiança com a agressão. As cognições positivas e, principalmente, o viés de otimismo podem ter um papel relevante para a agressividade masculina, possivelmente através da redução do controle de impulsos, aumentando, portanto, os comportamentos de risco.

Como Citar
Cabral, J. C. C., Corrêa, M. A., das Neves, V. T., Dias, A. C. G., & de Almeida, R. M. M. (2020). Do otimismo à agressão: cognições positivas preveem comportamento violento em homens. Avances En Psicología Latinoamericana , 38(1), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.6853
Referências

Alia-Klein, N., Goldstein, R. Z., Kriplani, A., Logan, J., Tomasi, D., Williams, B., ... Fowler, J. S. (2008). Brain monoamine oxidase a activity predicts trait aggression. Journal of Neu-roscience, 28(19), 5099-5104. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0925-08.2008

Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231

Archer, J. (2009). The nature of human aggression. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32(4), 202-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.001

Bas, M., & Schub, R. (2016). Mutual optimism as a cause of conflict: Secret alliances and conflict onset. International Studies Quar-terly, 60(3), 552-564. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqw002

Beer, J. S., & Hughes, B. L. (2010). Neural sys-tems of social comparison and the “above-average” effect. NeuroImage, 49(3), 2671-2679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroim-age.2009.10.075

Cabral, J. C. C., & de Almeida, R. M. M. (2019). Effects of anger on dominance-seeking and aggressive behaviors. Evolution and Human Be-havior, 40(1), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.07.006

Cabral, J. C. C., Tavares, P. de S., & de Almeida, R. M. M. (2016). Reciprocal effects between dominance and anger: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 761-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubior-ev.2016.10.021

Cabral, J. C. C., Tavares, P. de S., Weydmann, G. J., das Neves, V. T., & de Almeida, R. M. M. (2018). Eliciting negative affects using film clips and real-life methods. Psycholog-ical Reports, 121(3), 527-547. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117730844

Cabral, J. C. C., Veleda, G. W., Mazzoleni, M., Colares, E. P., Neiva-Silva, L., & Neves, V. T. das. (2016). Stress and Cognitive Reserve as independent factors of neuropsychological performance in healthy elderly. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 21(11), 3499-3508. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152111.17452015

Coccaro, E. F., McCloskey, M. S., Fitzgerald, D. A., & Phan, K. L. (2007). Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression. Biological Psychiatry, 62(2), 168-178. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.024

Colvin, C. R., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (1995). Overly positive self-evaluations and person-ality: Negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(6), 1152-1162. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1152

Cueva, C., Roberts, R. E., Spencer, T., Rani, N., Tem-pest, M., Tobler, P. N., ... Rustichini, A. (2015). Cortisol and testosterone increase financial risk taking and may destabilize markets. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 11206. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11206

Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2011). Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cog-nitive control. Neuron, 69(4), 680-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.020

De Almeida, R. M. M., Cabral, J. C. C., & Nar-vaes, R. (2015). Behavioural, hormonal and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behaviour in human and nonhuman primates. Physiology & Behavior, 143, 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.053

De Zavala, A. G. (2011). Collective narcissism and intergroup hostility: The dark side of ‘in-group love’. Social and Personality Psychology Com-pass, 5(6), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00351.x

Dorfman, H. M., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Buck-holtz, J. W. (2013). Neurobiological mecha-nisms for impulsive-aggression: The role of maoa. In K. A. Miczek, & A. Meyer-Lindenberg (Eds.), Neuroscience of aggression. Current topics in behavioral neurosciences (pp. 297-313). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2013_272

Ellison, P. T. (1988). Human salivary steroids: Methodological considerations and applications in physical anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 31(S9), 115-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330310507

Ferguson, C. J., & Rueda, S. M. (2009). Examining the validity of the modified Taylor competitive reaction time test of aggression. Journal of Ex-perimental Criminology, 5(2), 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-009-9069-5

Gollan, J. K., Lee, R., & Coccaro, E. F. (2005). De-velopmental psychopathology and neurobiology of aggression. Development and Psychopathol-ogy, 17(4), 1151-1171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050546

Groschl, M. (2008). Current Status of Salivary Hormone Analysis. Clinical Chemistry, 54(11), 1759-1769. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.108910

Jefferson, A., Bortolotti, L., & Kuzmanovic, B. (2017). What is unrealistic optimism? Consciousness and Cognition, 50, 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.10.005

Johnson, D. D. P. (2004). Overconfidence and war: The havoc and glory of positive illusions. Cam-bridge: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_SIM170130025

Johnson, D. D. P., McDermott, R., Barrett, E. S., Cowden, J., Wrangham, R., McIntyre, M. H., & Peter Rosen, S. (2006). Overconfidence in war-games: Experimental evidence on expectations, aggression, gender and testosterone. Proceed-ings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273(1600), 2513-2520. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3606

Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., & Zanna, M. P. (2005). Types of high self-esteem and preju-dice: How implicit self-esteem relates to ethnic discrimination among high explicit self-es-teem individuals. Personality and Social Psy-chology Bulletin, 31(5), 693-702. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271580

Kilduff, L. P., Hopp, R. N., Cook, C. J., Crewther, B. T., & Manning, J. T. (2013). Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and testosterone in men exposed to an aggressive video stimulus. Evolutionary Psychology, 11(5), 953-964.

Lapsley, D. K., & Hill, P. L. (2010). Subjective in-vulnerability, optimism bias and adjustment in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Ado-lescence, 39(8), 847-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9409-9

Lerner, J. S. & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146

Lippi, G., Dipalo, M., Buonocore, R., Gnocchi, C., Aloe, R., & Delsignore, R. (2016). Analytical evaluation of free testosterone and cortisol immunoassays in saliva as a reliable alterna-tive to serum in sports medicine. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 30(5), 732-735. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21929

Mackey, W. C., & Mackey, B. (2003). The presence of fathers in attenuating young male violence. Marriage & Family Review, 35(1-2), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v35n01_05

McEwen, B. (1992). Steroid hormones: Effect on brain development and function. Hor-mone Research, 37(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1159/000182393

McEwen, B. (1997). Hormones as regulators of brain development: Life-long effects related to health and disease. Acta Paediatrica, 86(S422), 41-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb18343.x

Mehta, P. H., & Prasad, S. (2015). The dual-hormone hypothesis: A brief review and future research agenda. Current Opinion in Behavioral Scienc-es, 3, 163-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobe-ha.2015.04.008

Miczek, K. A., Fish, E. W., de Almeida, R. M. M., Faccidomo, S., & Debold, J. F. (2004). Role of alcohol consumption in escalation to violence. Annals of the New York Acade-my of Sciences, 1036, 278-289. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1330.018

Mikton, C. R., Butchart, A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Krug, E. G. (2016). Global status report on violence prevention 2014. American Journal of Pre-ventive Medicine, 50(5), 652-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.007

Moran, J. M., Macrae, C. N., Heatherton, T. F., Wyland, C. L., & Kelley, W. M. (2006). Neuroanatomi-cal evidence for distinct cognitive and affec-tive components of self. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(9), 1586-1594. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1586

Nelson, R. J., & Trainor, B. C. (2007). Neural mech-anisms of aggression. Nature Reviews. Neuro-science, 8(7), 536-546. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2174

Owens, J. S., & Hoza, B. (2003). The role of inat-tention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in the positive illusory bias. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 680-691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.680

Peper, J. S., Van den Heuvel, M. P., Mandl, R. C. W., Pol, H. E. H., & Van Honk, J. (2011). Sex steroids and connectivity in the human brain: A review of neuroimaging studies. Psychoneu-roendocrinology, 36(8), 1101-1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.004

Perciavalle, V., Di Corrado, D., Petralia, M. C., Gur-risi, L., Massimino, S., & Coco, M. (2013). The second-to-fourth digit ratio correlates with ag-gressive behavior in professional soccer players. Molecular Medicine Reports, 7(6), 1733-1738. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2013.1426

Pietruska, K., & Armony, J. L. (2013). Differen-tial effects of trait anger on optimism and risk behaviour. Cognition & Emotion, 27(2), 318-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.703130

Satterfield, J. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1994). Military aggression and risk predicted by explanatory style. Psychological Science, 5(2), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00634.x

Sedikides, C., Horton, R. S., & Gregg, A. P. (2007). The why’s the limit: Curtailing self-enhance-ment with explanatory introspection. Journal of Personality, 75(4), 783-824. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00457.x

Shah, P., Harris, A. J. L., Bird, G., Catmur, C., & Hahn, U. (2016). A pessimistic view of optimistic belief updating. Cognitive Psychology, 90, 71-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2016.05.004

Sharot, T. (2011). The optimism bias. Current Biolo-gy, 21(23), R941-R945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.030

Sharot, T., Guitart-Masip, M., Korn, C. W., Chowd-hury, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2012). How dopamine en-hances an optimism bias in humans. Current Biol-ogy, 22(16), 1477-1481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.053

Sharot, T., Riccardi, A. M., Raio, C. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2007). Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias. Nature, 450(7166), 102-105. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06280

Shepperd, J. A., Pogge, G., & Howell, J. L. (2017). Assessing the consequences of unrealistic opti-mism: Challenges and recommendations. Con-sciousness and Cognition, 50, 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.07.004

Siever, L. J. (2008). Neurobiology of aggression and violence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(4), 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111774

Stephens, A. N., & Ohtsuka, K. (2014). Cognitive biases in aggressive drivers: Does illusion of control drive us off the road? Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.016

Strunk, D. R., Lopez, H., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2006). Depressive symptoms are associated with unre-alistic negative predictions of future life events. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(6), 861-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.07.001

Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspec-tive on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193

Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1994). Positive illusions and well-being revisited: Separating fact from fiction. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.116.1.21

Taylor, S. E., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1995). Effects of mindset on positive illusions. Journal of Per-sonality and Social Psychology, 69(2), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.2.213

Taylor, S. E., Lerner, J. S., Sherman, D. K., Sage, R. M., & McDowell, N. K. (2003). Portrait of the self-enhancer: Well adjusted and well liked or maladjusted and friendless? Journal of Per-sonality & Social Psychology, 84(1), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.1.165

Van Honk, J., Harmon-Jones, E., Morgan, B. E., & Schutter, D. J. L. G. (2010). Socially explosive minds: The triple imbalance hypothesis of reactive aggression. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 67-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00609.x

Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 806-820. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806

Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. (1995). Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing inter-ventions. Health Psychology, 14(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.14.2.132

Yamada, M., Uddin, L. Q., Takahashi, H., Kimura, Y., Takahata, K., Kousa, R.,... Suhara, T. (2013). Superiority illusion arises from resting-state brain networks modulated by dopamine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(11), 4363-4367. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221681110

Estatísticas de consulta

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.
Métricas de publicação

1126 81




 

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Creative Commons License

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Os autores conservam os direitos de autor e garantem à revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação do trabalho da mesma forma que licenciado sob uma Creative Commons Attribution License que permite a outros compartilhar o trabalho com um reconhecimento da autoria do trabalho e a publicação inicial nesta revista. 

Artigos mais lidos pelo mesmo(s) autor(es)

Artigos Semelhantes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 > >> 

Você também pode iniciar uma pesquisa avançada por similaridade para este artigo.