Contenido principal del artículo

Sefa Bulut
Kemale Salmanova
Pietro Crescenzo
Nebahat Bulut

Las respuestas psicológicas a acontecimientos traumáticos pueden dar lugar a estrés agudo, trastornos de estrés o trastornos de estrés postraumático (tept). Cuando las personas experimentan un evento traumático, como muerte de un ser querido, terror o daño físico, tienden a mostrar miedo, impotencia o desesperanza. Mostrar otros síntomas como volver a vivir aquellas experiencias, evasión o hiperexcitación indica tept. Sufrir el tept a largo plazo puede causar problemas de salud importantes, ya sean biológicos, como la disfunción de los sistemas neurobiológicos sensibles al estrés; o fisiológicos, como la hipertensión y enfermedades cardíacas. Sin embargo, la literatura psicológica deja poco o ningún espacio para tales consecuencias sobre la salud. Para proporcionar información sobre este tema, la presente revisión tiene como objetivo investigar las consecuencias biológicas y fisiológicas del tept y las pruebas y evaluaciones psicobiológicas relacionadas. Esta revisión de la literatura puede contribuir al desarrollo de marcadores biológicos de tept.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Bulut, S., Salmanova, K., Crescenzo, P. ., & Bulut, N. . (2023). Pruebas fisiológicas y biológicas y evaluación del Trastorno de estrés postraumático. Avances En Psicología Latinoamericana , 41(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.8258

Sefa Bulut, Ibn Haldun University

I am working as an profesor in counseling psychology department. I mostly interested in psycho travma, PTSD, ADHD, sexual abuse, neglect, gerontology, life history research, mobbing, bullying, school violance

Kemale Salmanova, Sumgait State University, Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Azerbaijan

She searched articles, provided the study materials and helped to organize and conceptualize the paper.

Pietro Crescenzo, University of Bari, Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology and Communication

He provided explanations for methodology and involved in writing some part of the paper. He helped in reviewing and editing the paper.

Nebahat Bulut, Beykent University, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology

She wrote recent technology assessment of PTSD and conclusion sections. She read the paper and provided medical insights and feedbacks.

Alshehri, F. S., Alatawi, Y., Alghamdi, B. S., Alhifany, A. A., & Alharbi, A. (2020). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(12), 1666-1673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.10.013

Azarang, A., Pakyurek, M., Giroux, C., Nordahl, T, E., & Yellowlees, P. (2018). Information technologies: An augmentation to post-traumatic stress disorder treatment among trauma survivors. Telemedicine and e-Health, 25(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2018.0068

Anisman, H., Griffiths, J., Matheson, K., Ravindran, A. V., & Merali, Z. (2001). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and salivary cortisol levels. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(9), 1509-1511. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1509

Baum, A. & Fleming, I. (1993). Implications of psychological research on stress and technological accidents. American Psychologist, 48(6), 665-672. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.6.665

de Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., & Ryan, N. D. (1999). Developmental traumatology part II: Brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45(10), 1271-1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00045-1

Bonne, O., Brandes, D., Gilboa, A., Gomori, J. M., Shenton, M. E., Pitman, R. K., & Shalev, A. Y. (2001). Longitudinal MRI study of hippocampal volume in trauma survivors with PTSD. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1248-1251. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1248

Bourla, A, Mouchabac, S., El Hage, W., & Ferreri, F. (2018). e-PTSD: an overview on how new technologies can improve prediction and assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(sup1), 1424448. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1424448

Bremner, J. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging in post-traumatic stress disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 7(4), 393-405. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.7.4.393

Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Scott, T. M., Bronen, R. A., Seibyl, J. P., Southwick, S. M., Innis, R. B. (1995a). MRI-based measurement of hippocampus volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(7), 973-981. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.7.973

Bremner, J. D., Randall. P., Vermetten E., Staib, L., Bronen, R. A., & Mazure, C., et al. (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related childhood physical and sexual abuse: A preliminary report. Biological Psychiatry, 41(1),23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00162-X

Broekman, B. F. P., Olff, M. & Boer, F. (2007). The genetic background to PTSD. Neuroscience & Behavioral Reviews, 31(3), 348-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.10.001

Brubaker, C. R., & Milner, J. (2015). The epigenetics of post-traumatic stress disorder in women and PTSD in women veterans: Implications for health policy. DNP Forum, 1(1), Article 7. https://fisherpub.sjf.edu/dnpforum/vol1/iss1/7

Brunt, T. J., & O Gale-Grant, O. T. J. (2022). Telepsychiatry: what clinicians need to know about digital mental healthcare. BJPsych Advances, 1-9. http://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2022.42

Bryant, R. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder vs traumatic brain injury. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 13(3), 251-262. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.2/rbryant

Carmassi, C., Bertelloni, C. A., Dell'Oste, V., Barberi, F. M., Maglio, A., Buccianelli, B., Cordone, A., & Dell'Osso, L. (2020). Tele-psychiatry assessment of post-traumatic stress symptoms in 100 patients with bipolar disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic social-distance measures in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 580736. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580736

Dean, K. R., Hammamieh, R., Mellon, S. H., Abu-Amara, D., Flory J. D., Guffanti, G., Wang, K., Daigle Jr., B. J., Gautam, A., Lee, I., Yang, R., Almli, L. M., Saverio Bersani, F., Chakraborty, N., Donohue, D., Kerley, K., Kim, T-K, Laska, E., Young Lee, M., Lindqvist, D. et al. (2020). Multi-omic biomarker identification and validation for diagnosing warzone-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 25, 3337-3349. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0496-z

Delahanty, D. L., Nugent, N. R., Christopher, N. C. & Walsh, M. (2005). Initial urinary epinephrine and cortisol levels predict acute PTSD symptoms in child trauma victims. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.06.004

Delahanty, D. L., Raimonde, A. J., Spoonster, E., & Cullado, M. (2003). Injury severity, prior trauma history, urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(2), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00185-8

Dollinger, S. J. (1985). Lightning-strike disaster among children. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 58(Pt4), 375-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1985.tb02656.x

Farrow, B. & Jayarathn, S. (2019). Technological Advancements in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Detection: A Survey. IEEE 20th International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration for Data Science (IRI), Los Angeles, CA, USA, 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRI.2019.00044

Geracioti Jr., T. D., Baker, D. G., Ekhator, N. N., West, S. A., Hill, K. K., Bruce, A. B., Schmidt, D., Rounds-Kugler, B., Yehuda, R., Keck Jr., P. E., & Kasckow J. W. (2001). CSF norepinephrine concentration in posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(8), 1227-1230. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1227

Gibbons, R. D., Weiss, D. J., Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., Fagiolini, A., Grochocinski, V. J., Bhaumik, D. K., Stover, A., Bock, R. D., & Immekus, J. C. (2008). Using computerized adaptive testing to reduce the burden of mental health assessment. Psychiatric Services, 59(4), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2008.59.4.361

Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B. (2002). Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27(1-2), 199-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00045-2

Gunnar, M. R., Larson, M. C., Hertsgaard, L., Harris, M. L., & Brodersen, L. (1992). The stressfulness of separation among nine-month-old infants: Effects of social context variables and infant temperament. Child Development, 63(2), 290-303. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131479

Halbreich, U., Olympia, J., Glogowski, J., Carson, S., Axelrod, S., &Yeh, C. M. (1988). The importance of past psychological trauma and pathophysiological process as determinants of current biological abnormalities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(3), 293-294. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800270113016

Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2002). Neurobiology of early life stress: Clinical studies. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 7(2),147-159. https://doi.org/10.1053/scnp.2002.33127

Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2009). Neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectrums, 14(1Sup1), 13-24.

Jankowski, M. K, Knight-Zhang, E., & Butcher, R. (2022). Differences in trauma exposure, PTSD and child well-being as a function of parental substance misuse in a child welfare sample. Children and Youth Services Review, 132, 106326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106326

Jernigan, T. L., & Sowell, E. R. (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging studies of developing brain. In M. R. Keshavan & R. M. Murray. (Eds.), Neurodevelopment & adult psychopathology (pp. 63-70). Cambridge University Press.

Kosten, T. R., Mason, J. W., Giller, E. L., Ostroff , R. B., & Harkness, L. (1987). Sustained urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine elevation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 12(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(87)90017-5

Kudler, H., Davidson, J., Meador, K., Lipper, S., & Ely, T. (1987). The DST and posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(8), 1068-1071. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.8.1068

Larkin, H., Felitti, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2014). Social work and adverse childhood experiences research: Implications for practice and health policy. Social Work in Public Health, 29(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2011.619433

Liang, X., Zhu, Y., & Fung, Y. (2020). COVID‐19 and post‐traumatic stress disorder: A vicious circle involving immunosuppression. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 26(8), 876-878. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13431

Lucassen, P. J., Presser, J., Sousa, N., Almeida, O. F., Van Dam, A. M., Rajkowska, G., & Czéh, B. (2014). Neuropathology of stress. Acta Neuropathologica, 127(1), 109-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1223-5

Luft, B. J., Schechter, C., Kotov, R., Broihier, J., Reissman, D., Guerrera, K., Udasin, I., Moline, J., Harrison, D., Friedman-Jimenez, G., Pietrzak, R. H., Southwick, S. M., & Bromet, E. J. (2012). Exposure, probable PTSD and lower respiratory illness among World Trade Center rescue, recovery, and clean-up workers. Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 1069-1079. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171100256X

Macy, R. D. (2002). On the Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Period Prevalence rates and Acute Service Utilization Rates Among Massachusetts Medicaid Program Enrollees. 1993-1996 (Published doctoral dissertation). The Union Institute. Graduate College of Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Mason, J. W., Giller, E. L., Kosten, T. R., Ostroff, R. B., &Podd, L. (1986). Urinary free-cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(3), 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198603000-00003

McNally, R. J. (1991). Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(4), 531-537. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.3.4.531

Mehta, D., & Binder, E. B. (2012). Gene x environment vulnerability factors for PTSD: The HPA-axis. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 654-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.009

Messo, I. N. (2013). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in children: The case of the Mbagala bomb blasts in Tanzania. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(5), 627-637. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105312451188

Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 25-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25

Morgan, C. A., Grillon, C., Southwick, S. M., Nagy, L. M., Davis, M., Krystal, J. H., & Charney, D. S. (1995). Yohimbine facilitated acoustic startle in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology, 117, 466-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02246220

Morris, M. C., Compas, B. E., & Garber, J. (2012). Relations among posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid major depression, and HPA function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.002

Nisar, S., Bhat, A. A., Hashem, S., Syed, N., Yadav, S. K., Uddin, S., Fakhro, K., Bagga, P., Thompson, P., Reddy, R., Frenneaux, M. P., & Haris, M. (2020). Genetic and neuroimaging approaches to understanding post-traumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(12), 4503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124503

O’Brien, L. S. (1998). Traumatic events and mental health. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570124

Obuobi-Donkor, G., Oluwasina, F., Nikre, N. & Agyopng, V. I. O. (2022). A Scoping review on the prevalence and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder among military personnel and firefighters: Implications for public policy and practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031565

Olff, M., Langeland, W., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2005). The psychobiology of PTSD: Coping with trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 974-982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.009

Ornitz, E. M., & Pynoos, S. R. (1989). Startle modulation in children with posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(7), 866-870. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.7.866

Orr, S. P., Metzger, L. J., & Pitman, R. K. (2002). Psychophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Clinic of North America, 25(2), 271-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(01)00007-7

Palgi, Y., Gelkopf, M., & Berger, R. (2015). The inoculating role of previous exposure to potentially traumatic life events on coping with prolonged exposure to rocket attacks: A lifespan perspective. Psychiatry Research, 227(2-3), 296-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.020

Paul, L.A., Hassija, C. M. & Clapp, J. D. (2012). Technological advances in the treatment of trauma: A review of promising practices

Behavior Modification, 36(6), 897-925. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445512450733

Perroud, N., Rutembesa, E., Paoloni-Giacobino, A., Mutabaruka, J., Mutesa, L., Stenz, L., Malafosse, A., & Karege, F. (2014). The Tutsi genocide and transgenerational transmission of maternal stress: epigenetics and biology of the HPA axis. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(4), 334-345. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2013.866693

Philip, P., Micoulaud-Franchi, J.-A., Sagaspe, P., Sevin, E. D., Olive, J., Bioulac, S., & Sauteraud, A. (2017). Virtual human as a new diagnostic tool, a proof of concept study in the field of major depressive disorders. Scientific Reports, 16(7), 42656. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42656

Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R. B., Southwick, S. M. & Grant, B. F. (2012). Physical health conditions associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. older adults: Results from wave 2 of the national epidemiological survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 60(2), 296-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03788.x

Pitman, R. K., & Orr, S. P. (1993). Psychophysiological testing for post-traumatic stress disorder: Forensic psychiatric application. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 21(1), 37-52. http://www.jaapl.org/content/21/1/37.full.pdf

Pitman, R. K., Gilbertson, M. W., Gurvits, T. V., May, S. F., Lasko, N. B., Metzger, L. J., &Orr, S. P. (2006). Clarifying the origin of biological abnormalities in PTSD through the study of identical twins discordant for combat exposure. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 242-254. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1364.019

Pole, N. (2007). The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 725-746. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.725

Praag, D., Wouters, K., Eeede, F. Van Den., Wilson, L., & Mass, A. I. R. (2022). Neurocognitive correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury. Brain and Spine, 2, 100854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2021.100854

Purtle, J. (2016). “Heroes' invisible wounds of war:” constructions of posttraumatic stress disorder in the text of US federal legislation. Social Science & Medicine, 149, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.039

Rainey, J. M. J., Manov, G., Aleem, A., &Toth, A. (1990). Relationship between PTSD and panic disorder concurrent psychiatric illness: Effects of lactate infusion and erythrocyte lactate production. In J. C. Balleneger. (Eds.), Frontiers of clinical neuroscience: Clinical aspects of panic disorder (pp. 47-54). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Rauch, S. A. M., Morales, Zubritsky, C., Knott, K, & Oslin, D. (2006). Posttraumatic stress, depression and health among older adults in primary care. American Journal Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(4), 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000199382.96115.86

Reist, C., Kauffmann, C. D., Chicz-Demet, D. A., Chen, C. C., & Demet, E. M. (1995). Rem latency, dexamethasone suppression test, and thyroid releasing hormone stimulation test in posttraumatic disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 19(3), 433-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(95)00024-P

Resnick, H. S., Yehuda, R., Pitman, R. K., & Foy, D. W. (1995). Effect of previous trauma on acute plasma cortisol level of following reaper. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(11), 1675-1677. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.11.1675

Schnurr, P.P, Spiro, A. III, & Paris, A. H. (2000). Physician diagnosed medical disorder in relation to PTSD symptoms in older military veterans. Health Psychology, 19(1), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.1.91

Scoglio, A. J., Reily, E. D., Girouard, C., Quıgley, S., & Carnes, S., & Kelly, M. M. (2020). Social functioning in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(2), 356-371. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020946800

Smith, M. A., Davidson, J., Ritchie, J. C., Kudler, H., Lipper, S., Chappell, P., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1989). The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 26(4), 349-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(89)90050-4

Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Morgan, C. A., Johnson, D., Nagy, L. M., Nicolaou, A., Heninger, G. R., & Charney, D. S. (1993). Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(4), 226-274. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160036003

Spivak, B., Vered, Y., Graff, E., Blum, I., Mester, R., & Weizman, A. (1999). Low platelet-poor plasma concentrations of serotonin in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 45(7), 840-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00231-5

Stein, M. B., Koverola, C., Hanna, C., Torchia, M. G., & McClarty, B. (1997). Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Medicine, 27(4), 951-959. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291797005242

Qureshi, S. U, Pyne, J. M., Magruder, K. M., Shultz, P. H. & Kunik, M. E. (2009). The link between post-traumatic stress disorder and physical comorbidities: A systematic review. Psychiatric Quarterly, 80(2), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-009-9096-4

Tarsitani, L., Vassalini, P., Koukopoulos, A., Borrazzo, C., Alessi, F., Di Nicolantonio, C., Serra, R., Alessandri, F., Ceccarelli, G., Mastroianni, C. M., & d'Ettorre, G. (2021). Post-traumatic stress disorder among COVID-19 survivors at 3-month follow-up after hospital discharge. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(6), 1072-1707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06731-7

Torous, J., Onnela, J. P., & Keshavan, M. (2017). New dimensions and new tools to realize the potential of RDoC: Digital phenotyping via smartphones and connected devices. Translational Psychiatry, 7(3), e1053. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.25

Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I, Pietrzak, R. H. & Southwick, S. M. (2012). The role of coping, resilience, and social support in mediating the relation between PTSD and social functioning in veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychiatry, Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 75(2), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2012.75.2.135

Uddo, M., Vasterling, J. J., Brailey, K., & Sutker P. B. (1993). Memory and attention in combat related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 15, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00964322

Vasterling, J. J., Brailey, K., Constans, J. I., & Sutker P. B. (1998). Attention and memory dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychology, 12(1), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1037//0894-4105.12.1.125

Wingenfeld, K., Whooley, M. A., Neylan, T. C., Otte, C., & Cohen, B. E. (2015). Effect of current and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder on 24-h urinary catecholamines and cortisol: Results from Mind Your Heart Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 52, 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.023

Wolfe, V. V., Gentile, C., & Wolfe, D. A. (1989). The impact of sexual abuse on children: A PTSD formulation. Behavior Therapy, 20(2), 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80070-X

Xie, P., Kranzler, H. R., Poling, J., Stein, B. M., Anton, R. F., Farrer, L. A., & Gelernter, J. (2010). Interaction of FKBP5 with childhood adversity on risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(8), 1684-1692. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.37

van der Kolk, B. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 21(1), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2000.2.1/bvdkolk

van der Kolk, B. (2003). The neurobiology of childhood trauma and abuse. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 12(2), 293-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(03)00003-8

van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score: Mind, brain and body in the transformation of trauma. Penguin Publisher.

Yehuda, R. (2009). Status of glucocorticoid alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 1179, 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04979.x

Yehuda, R., Bierer, L. M., Sarapas, C., Makotkine, I., Andrew, R., & Seckl, J. R. (2009). Cortisol metabolic predictors of response to psychotherapy for symptoms of PTSD in survivors of the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2011. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(9), 1304-1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.018

Yehuda, R., Blair, W., Labinsky, E., & Bierer, L. M. (2007a). Effects of parental PTSD on the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration in their adult offspring. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 163-166. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.163

Yehuda, R., Boisoneau, D., Lowy, M. T., & Giller, Jr. E. L. (1995). Dose-response changes in plasma cortisol and lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor following dexamethasone administration in combat veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(7), 583-593. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950190065010

Yehuda, R., Engel., S. M., Brand, S. R., Seckl, J., Marcus, S. M., & Berkowitz, G. S. (2005). Transgenerational effects of PTSD in babies of mothers exposed to WTC attacks during pregnancy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 90(7), 4115-4118. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0550

Yehuda, R., Golier., J. A., Tischler, L., Harvey, P. D., Newmark, R., Yang, R. K., Buchsbaum, M. S. (2006). Hippocampal volume in aging combat veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder. Relation to risk and resilience factors. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 41(5), 435-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.12.002

Yehuda, R., Halligan, S. L., Golier, J. A., Grossman, R., & Bierer, L. M. (2004). Effects of trauma exposure on the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration in PTSD and major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(3), 389-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00052-0

Yehuda, R., Morris, A., Labinsky, E., Zemelman, S., &Schmeiedler, J. (2007b). Ten year of follow-up study of cortisol levels in aging Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(5), 757-761. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20228

Yehuda, R., Southwick, S. M., Nussbaum, G., Wahby, V. S., Giller, Jr. E. L., & Mason, J. W. (1990). Low urinary cortisol excretion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(6), 366-369. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199006000-00004

Yao, Q, Deng, K, & Xu, Y. (2022). The application of virtual reality technology to exposure treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. CIBDA 2022; 3rd International Conference on Computer Information and Big Data Applications, Wuhan, China, 2022. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9899037

Zannas, A. S., Provencal, N., & Binder, E. B. (2015). Epigenetics of posttraumatic stress disorder: Current evidence, challenges, and future directions. Biological Psychiatry, 78(5), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.003

Zhang, L., Li, H., Benedek, D., Li., X., & Ursano, R. (2009). A strategy for the development of biomarker tests for PTSD. Medical Hypotheses, 73(3), 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.038

Zhang, L., Zhou, R., Li, X., Ursano, R. J., & Li, H. (2006). Stress-induced change of mitochondria membranes potential regulated by genomic and non-genomic GR signaling: A possible mechanism for hippocampus atrophy in PTSD. Medical Hypotheses, 66(6), 1205-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.11.041

Zoladz, P. R., & Diamond, D. M. (2013). Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature. Neuroscience & Bio behavioral Reviews, 37(5), 860-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024

Detalles del artículo