From Optimism to Aggression: Positive Cognitions Predict Violent Behavior in Men

Abstract

People often have overly confident expectations about themselves and the future. Negative emotions and cognitions have direct effects on aggression; however, few studies have considered the relevance of positive cognitions, such as self-confidence and optimism. In this study, we sought to evaluate whether optimism bias, positive self-perception, and self-confidence predict aggression in men. We also tested whether testosterone and cortisol mediate the relationship between positive cognitions and aggression. Our results indicate that optimism bias and self-confidence are significant predictors of aggression. Although steroid hormones predicted the occurrence of positive cognitions, no hormonal measures mediated the relationship between aggression and optimism or self-confidence. Therefore, positive cognitions, mainly optimism bias, can play a role in male aggression, possibly by reducing impulse control, which increases risk-taking behaviors.