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Introdução: O objetivo principal deste artigo é revisar alguns conceitos essenciais para compreen­der a forma tradicional como a neuropsicologia concebe as dificuldades do desenvolvimento in­fantil e propor um modelo alternativo para compreender esta problemática de maneira integral. Desenvolvimento: Médicos, psicólogos, terapeutas e docentes concebem as dificuldades do de­senvolvimento como o resultado de um problema neurobiológico, susceptível de ser identificado e tratado. Este postulado, que é amplamente utilizado na atualidade pelas equipes interdiscipli­nares, constitui o enfoque predominante e a posição tradicional para a avaliação e intervenção em medicina, psicologia e educação. O modelo tradicional, conhecido como o modelo do déficit, conceitua as dificuldades do desenvolvimento infantil como um problema essencialmente neu­robiológico, sem ter em conta os diferentes aspectos do entorno familiar e escolar, os quais têm uma importância capital, não só para o desenvolvimento da criança, mas também na gênese de suas dificuldades. Isto explica por que os esforços que se intervêm na reabilitação e na educação da criança com dificuldades têm um sucesso limitado. Pelo contrário, a neuropsicologia ecológica ou transacional é um enfoque que considera à criança de forma integral, relacionado com seu entorno social, familiar e cultural. Conclusão: A conceptualização e interpretação integral destes fenômenos, conduz a uma intervenção holística onde se avalia cada elemento do problema, levando a propor um modelo no que o ambiente joga um papel preponderante na gênese, e na busca de soluções, das dificuldades do desenvolvimento infantil. 

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