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Resumo: Introdução: O delirium constitui um dos sintomas mais complexos e graves da psicose. Um dos problemas mais fundamentais que as pesquisas atuais no campo da neuropsiquiatria atual enfrentam tem a ver com o desafio de produzir teorias explicativas para a produção desse tipo de estado mental, que denomino 'o problema etiológico dos delírios psicóticos'. Desenvolvimento: são analisadas criticamente as principais alternativas da neuropsiquiatria contemporânea ao problema etiológico. Conclusão: A análise indica que as três teorias fundamentais que coexistem hoje têm problemas para progredir no desafio de explicar a etiologia dos delírios. Portanto, propõe-se que, à luz do estado atual do debate, a hibridização teórica possa surgir como o melhor candidato metodológico para gerar avanços reais na disciplina.

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