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A violência sexual varia dramaticamente de uma guerra a outra, e, em ocasiões, de um grupo armado a outro dentro de uma mesma guerra. No entanto, em alguns conflitos, a violência sexual perpetrada por determinados grupos armados é especialmente limitada, embora eles cometam outro tipo de violência contra civis. Alguns grupos cometem atos de violência sexual só contra mulheres, enquanto outros também o fazem contra homens. Os científicos sociais estão documentando e analizando com uma frequência cada vez maior, esta variação nos padrões de violência sexual na época de guerra, particularmente em quanto às diferentes dimensões de violencia (sua forma, frequência, alvos e propósitos), assim como no referente às mudanças nestes quatro padrões através do tempo. Por esta razão, neste texto, em primeiro lugar, introduzo conceptos chave, incluindo estas quatro dimensões e o concepto de violencia sexual como prática (um padrão que não é ordenado, mas sim tolerado pelos comandantes, e que ocorre tanto em casos no que tem benefícios estratégicos quanto nos que não tem). Depois, resumo brevemente as pesquisas recientes que documentam padrões

de violência sexual em tempos de guerra. Depois de mostrar que muitas abordagens presentes na literatura publicada não dão conta da variação observada, —de fato muitos predizem mais violência sexual que os trágicos níveis observados—, proponho um marco teórico centrado nas dinâmicas internas dos grupos armados. Depois, analiso as condições nas quais os grupos armados na realizam estupros, aquelas nas que realizam estupros estratégicos e aquelas nas que os estupros se cometem como prática. Ao longo do artigo, aproveito as descobertas recentes na literatura das ciencias sociais, algumas delas ainda não públicas: a variação observada na violência sexual na época de guerra, particularmente a ausência relativa deste tipo de violência por parte de muitos grupos armados, indica que o estupro não é inevitável na guerra.


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