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O legado dos tribunais penais internacionais da ONU, o ICTY eo ICTR ter sido claro e consistente em uma lei de liderança caso de responder afirmativamente a esses grupos de indivíduos formados por atores não estatais, como grupos armados, milícias, senhores guerra, paramilitares e grupos criminosos organizados ainda são capazes de cometer crimes internacionais no âmbito do direito penal internacional, nomeadamente genocídios, crimes contra a humanidade e crimes de guerra. A ICC tomou este legado e hoje sabemos que, com ou sem a cumplicidade das autoridades do Estado, e da jurisprudência limitada do Tribunal Penal Internacional, esses grupos cometem crimes de guerra, bem foi estabelecido no processo Lubanga Katanga 2012 e 2014, respectivamente. Crimes contra a humanidade de especificamente a decisão de abrir uma investigação sobre o Quénia em 2010, onde o quarto apesar de discrepâncias assumiu a posição de que esses grupos organizados, com algum tipo de hierarquia e capaz de violar os direitos humanos podem ser considerados "organização", na acepção do artigo 7 do Estatuto de Roma. A comissão de genocídio por esses grupos na CPI não encontrá-lo ainda, mas o legado deixado pelo ICTR eo ICTY é poderoso e eloqüente.
Rocha Herrera, M. (2021). INE: grupos, milícias, senhores da guerra, grupos criminosos organizados armados e paramilitares. Será que esses grupos podem, talvez, cometer crimes internacionais no âmbito do direito penal internacional? (editor). Anuário Iberoamericano De Direito Internacional Penal, 4(4), 13–38. https://doi.org/10.12804/anidip04.01.2016.01 (Original work published 14º de março de 2016)

Artículos y Manuscritos

Cullen, A. (2010). The Concept of Non International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law.

Dinstein, Y. (2010). The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict. (2da Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kolb, R. & Gaggioli, G. (2013). Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Lekha, S. C. et al (2009). War, Conflict and Human Rights. Theory and Practice (2nd Ed.) NY, Routledge.

Rocha, Herrera, M. (2011). La Fórmula Tadić (Tribunal Penal Internacional para la antigua Yugoslavia) y su aplicación en conflictos armados de carácter no internacional, Guerrero Miztli, Colegio de Defensa Nacional: México, 9, 3-12.

Rocha, Herrera, M. (2015). Notas de cátedra en power point, Departamento de Derecho, Universidad Iberoamericana.

Schabas, W. (2002). Punishment of Non-State Actors in Non International Armed Conflict. Fordham International Law Journal, 26(4), Article 3.

Tomljanovich, B. (2013). Organized Criminals as War Criminals, Report, Office of the Prosecutor, ICTY: The Hague.

Sitio de la Corte Penal Internacional, disponible en http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20 and%20cases/Pages/situations%20and%20cases.aspx

Casos de Derecho:

CIJ ONU:

Case between Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro, The Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the “Genocide” ILM 185 (2007). April 13 2007:46,

CPI:

Pre Trial Chamber II in Kenya’s Decision to Open an Investigation (2010). Recuperado de www.icc-cpi.int.

Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ICC-01/04-01/06, (29 enero del 2007), PreTrial Chamber I. Recuperado de https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/pids/ publications/lubangaeng.pdf

Prosecutor V. Germain Katanga. Summary of Trial Chamber II’s ICTR Judgment of 7 March 2014 pursuant Article 74 of the Statute. Recuperado de https:// www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/ Documents/986/14_0259_ENG_summary_judgment.pdf

Prosecutor v. Alfred Musema, ICTR-96-13-T, Resúmen de la Sentencia (27 enero de 2000).

Prosecutor v. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, et al ICTR-98-42-T, Resúmen de la Sentencia (24 de junio de 2011).

Prosecutor v. George Rutaganda ICTR-96-3-T, juicio y sentencia. Recuperado de http:// www.unictr.org/Portals/0/Case/English/Rutaganda/judgement/991206.pdf

ICTY:

The Prosecutor v. Vlastimir Dordević., International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case No. IT-05-87/1-T, Sentencia (23 de febrero de 2011). Recuperado de http:// www.icty.org/x/cases/djordjevic/tjug/en/110223_djordjevic_judgt_en.pdf

The Prosecutor v. Sefer Halilović, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case No. IT-01-48-A, Sentencia de Apelación, (16 de octubre de 2007).

The Prosecutor v. Momčilo Kranjišnik, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case: IT-00-39-T, Sentencia (27 de septiembre de 2006). Recuperado de http:// www.icty.org/x/cases/krajisnik/tjug/en/kra-jud060927e.pdf

The Prosecutor v. Radislav Kristić, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case IT-98-33-A, Sentencia de Apelación (19 de abril de 2004). Recuperado de http://www.icty.org/x/cases/krstic/tjug/en/krs-tj010802e.pdf

The Prosecutor v. Zoran Kupreškić et al International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case No. IT-95-16-T 14, Sentencia (14 de enero de 2000). Recuperado de http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kupreskic/tjug/en/kup-tj000114e.pdf

The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Ratko Mladić, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case No. IT-09-92-PT, Cuarta Acusación Anmendada, (16 de diciembre de 2011).

The Prosecutor v. Mladen Naletilić, a.k.a “Tuta” Vinko Martinović, a.k.a. “Ŝtela”, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case No. IT-98-34-A, Sentencia de Apelación, (3 de mayo de 2006). Recuperado de http://www.icty.org/x/cases/naletilic_martinovic/acjug/en/nal-aj060503e.pdf

The Prosecutor v. Naser Orić International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case No. IT-03-68-A, Sentencia de Apelación (3 de julio de 2008).

The Prosecutor et al, Vujadin Popović International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case IT-05-88-T, Sentencia, (10 de junio de 2010).

The Prosecutor v. Zdravko Tolimir International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Case IT-05-88/2 T, Sentencia, (12 de diciembre de 2012). Recuperado de http:// www.icty.org/x/cases/tolimir/tjug/en/121212.pdf

Documentos

Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal. Recuperado de http://www.un.org/spanish/ law/icc/statute/spanish/rome_statute(s).pdf

Estatuto del Tribunal Penal Internacional para la Ex Yugoslavia, res. 827 del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU, 25 de mayo de 1993. Recuperado de http:// www.cc.gob.gt/documentoscc/ddhh/ICTY.pdf

Estatuto del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda. Recuperado de http://www. cc.gob.gt/documentoscc/ddhh/Ruanda.pdf

Human Rights Watch. (julio de 2003). Democratic Republic of Congo, 15(11A) p.2 Recuperado de http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/DRC0703.pdf

Protocolo Adicional a los Convenios de Ginebra del 12 de agosto de 1949 Relativo a la Protección de las Víctimas de los Conflictos Armados Internacionales (Protocolo I) Ginebra, CICR: 1977 (8 de junio de 1977),

Sitios en la Internet:

Corte Internacional de Justicia de la ONU, disponible en www.icj-cij.org

Corte Penal Internacional, disponible en http://www.icc-cpi.int

Sitio del Tribunal Penal Internacional para la Ex Yugoslavia, disponible en www. icty.org

Sitio del Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda, disponible en www.ictr.org

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