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O sistema internacional tem sofrido mudanças profundas. Muitas dessas mudanças têm permitido visibilizar a atores não estatais, que no passado tinham espaços limitados pelo controle territorial e de fluxos exercidos pelos governos. De igual maneira  no caso da Centro-América os conflitos político-militares das décadas de 1970 e 1980 incrementaram a invisibilidade destes atores. Essas mudanças geraram novos espaços de ação, que antes estavam copados pelos governos. A isso soma-se o desenvolvimento do mundo virtual que favoreceu a comunicação e o incremento da presença mediática dos atores não estatais. Isto possibilitou que distintos grupos criminais puderam ter maior influência nas dinâmicas sociais, económicas e políticas, repercutindo na questão de segurança. Adicionam-se dois fatores chave: um incremento da violência e uma perda de legitimidade e credibilidade das autoridades. Daí que cada vez apareçam mais espaços onde a questão pública se debilita e até desaparece, o qual foi aproveitado pelos grupos do crime transnacional organizado. O desenvolvimento destes grupos no Istmo lhes tem permitido começar a assumir papeis sociais e inclusive a legitimar-se em algumas comunidades e setores sociais, ao extremo que buscam influenciar as estruturas de poder. Por isso é que se trata de “insurgência não política”.

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