Contenido principal del artículo

Aaron Ettinger

Este estudio argumenta que el comportamiento de la política exterior de Canadá ha permanecido predeciblemente inalterado frente a la invasión de Ucrania por parte de Rusia en 2022. Históricamente, la política exterior de Canadá ha sido dirigida por consideraciones externas, en específico por un orden internacional liberal, el multilateralismo, aliados clave y los Estados Unidos. Estas orientaciones han determinado la política exterior canadiense durante generaciones. Las decisiones en la política exterior de Canadá han sido dirigidas por estas, aunque a veces hayan sido contradictorias. Sin embargo, en el caso de Ucrania en 2022, estas orientaciones se alinearon de manera perfecta, lo que ha permitido al gobierno de Justin Trudeau participar sin controversia en los esfuerzos internacionales para apoyar a Ucrania. Este artículo examina cuatro orientaciones externas principales y una interna antes de describir las contribuciones del país a los esfuerzos internacionales para apoyar a Ucrania. El estudio concluye con una discusión sobre las preocupantes implicaciones de una política exterior estrechamente vinculada a consideraciones externas: los costos de la retirada y el propósito fundamental de la política exterior de Canadá en primer lugar.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Ettinger, A. (2023). Explicar la respuesta esperada de Canadá ante la invasión de Rusia en Ucrania, 2022-2023. Desafíos, 35(Especial). https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/desafios/a.13141

Auerswald, D. P., & Saideman, S. M. (2014). nato in Afghanistan: Fighting together, fighting alone. Princeton University Press.

Barry, D., & Bratt, D. (2008). Defense against help: Explaining Canada-us security relations. American Review of Canadian Studies, 38(1), 63-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722010809481821

Bothwell, R. (2015). Your country, my country: A unified history of the United States and Canada. Oxford University Press.

Boucher, J. C. (2009). Selling Afghanistan: A discourse analysis of Canada’s military intervention, 2001-08. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 64(3), 717-733. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070200906400308

Bow, B. (2009). Parties and partisanship in Canadian defence policy. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 64(1), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070200906400105

Bow, B., & Lennox, P. (Eds.). (2008). An independent foreign policy for Canada? Challenges and choices for the future. University of Toronto Press.

Bratt, D. (2018). Implementing the Reform Party agenda: The roots of Stephen Harper’s foreign policy. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 24(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2017.1359195

Canada. (2017, June 6). House of Commons Debates, Hansard, 42nd Parliament. 148, 1025-

Canadian Press. (2015, July 14). Ridings where Canada’s approach to Ukraine could be ballot box question. https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/ridings-where-canada-sapproach-to-ukraine-could-be-ballot-box-question-1.2467997

Cantir, C., & Kaarbo, J. (2012). Contested roles and domestic politics: Reflections on role theory in foreign policy analysis and ir theory. Foreign Policy Analysis, 8(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2011.00156.x

Carment, D., & Bercuson, D. (Eds.). (2008). The world in Canada: Diaspora, democracy, and domestic politics. McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Carment, D., & Landry, J. (2016). Diaspora and Canadian foreign policy: The world in Canada? In A. Chapnick, & C. J. Kukucha (Eds.), The Harper era in Canadian foreign policy: Parliament, politics, and Canada’s global posture (pp. 210-227). UBC Press.

Carment, D., Nikolko, M., & MacIsaac, S. (2021). Mobilizing diaspora during crisis: Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and the intergenerational sweet spot. Diaspora Studies, 14(1), 22-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/09739572.2020.1827667

Carment, D., & Sands, C. (Eds.). (2019). Canada-us Relations: Sovereignty or shared institutions? Palgrave Macmillan.

Chapnick, A. (2022). Much ado about very little: Canada’s national interests in history and practice. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 77(3), 515-528. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207020221143279

Clarkson, S. (2002). Uncle Sam and us: Globalization, neoconservatism, and the Canadian State. University of Toronto Press.

Davidson, J. (2014). Heading for the exits: Democratic allies and withdrawal from Iraq and Afghanistan. Democracy and Security, 10(3), 251-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2014.946017

Department of Finance Canada. (n.d.). Group of creditors of Ukraine. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/news/2022/07/group-of-creditors-of-ukraine.Html

Ettinger, A. (2021). Rumors of restoration: Joe Biden’s foreign policy and what it means for Canada. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 27(2), 157-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2021.1899005

Ettinger, A., & Rice, J. (2016). Hell is other people’s schedules: Canada’s limited-term military commitments, 2001-2015. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 71(3), 371-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702016662797

Freeland, C. (2022, February 28). Hansard, 37, 1420.

Govermment of Canada. (n.d.a). Canadian donations and military support t Ukraine. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/campaigns/canadian-military-support-to-ukraine.html

Govermment of Canada. (n.d.b). Sanctions – Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Government of Canada. https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_developmentenjeux_developpement/response_conflict-reponse_conflits/crisis-crises/ukraine-sanctions.aspx?lang=eng

Haglund, D. G. (2015). Ethnic diasporas and the Canada-United States security community:

From the civil war to today. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group.

Holsti, K.J. (1970). National role conceptions in the study of foreign policy. International

Studies Quarterly, 14(3), 233-309. https://doi.org/10.2307/3013584

Jackson, P. T. (2006). Civilizing the enemy: German reconstruction and the invention of the west. University of Michigan.

Joly, M. (2022a). Secretary Antony J. Blinken and Canadian Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly at a joint press availability remarks. Antony J. Blinken, Secretary of State Benjamin Franklin Room Washington, DC. https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-canadian-foreign-minister-melanie-joly-at-ajoint-press-availability/

Joly, M. (2022b). Statement on Ukraine’s Independence Day. Global Affairs Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2022/08/statement-on-ukraines-independence-day.html

Keating, T. (2010). Overview: Multilateralism: Past imperfect, future conditional. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 16(2), 9-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2010.9687305

Kitchen, V. M. (2009). Argument and identity change in the Atlantic security community. Security Dialogue, 40(1), 95-114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010608100849

Koinova, M. (2017). Beyond statist paradigms: Sociospatial positionality and diaspora mobilization in international relations. International Studies Review, 19(4), 597-621. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/vix015

Kordan, B. S., & Dowie, M. C. G. (2021). Canada and the Ukrainian Crisis. McGill-Queen’s Press.

Lehre, E. (2013). At what cost sovereignty? Canada-us military interoperability in the war on terror. Centre for Foreign Policy Studies.

Macdonald, L. (2010). Trading places: Multilateralism and bilateralism in Canadian policy in the North American region. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 16(2), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2010.9687311

Mahant, E., & Mount, G. S. 1999. Invisible and inaudible in Washington: American policies toward Canada. UBC Press.

Massie, J. (2009). Making sense of Canada’s ‘irrational’ international security policy: A tale of three strategic cultures. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 64(3), 625-645. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070200906400303

Massie, J. (2010). United West, divided Canada? Transatlantic (dis)unity and Canada’s Atlanticism strategic culture. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 8(2), 118-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/14794011003760236

Massie, J. (2016a). Public contestation and policy resistance: Canada’s oversized military commitment to Afghanistan. Foreign Policy Analysis, 12(1), 47-65.

Massie, J. (2016b). Why democratic allies defect prematurely: Canadian and Dutch unilateral pullouts from the war in Afghanistan. Democracy and Security, 12(2), 85-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2016.1160222

Massie, J. (2019). Why Canada goes to war: Explaining combat participation in us-led coalitions. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 575-594. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423919000040

Massie, J., & Roussel, S. (2013). The twilight of internationalism? Neocontinentalism as an emerging dominant idea in Canadian foreign policy. In H. A. Smith, & C. T. Sjolander (Eds.), Canada in the world: Internationalism in Canadian foreign policy (pp. 36-52). Oxford University Press.

Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel Lobby and us Foreign Policy. Penguin.

Nossal, K. R. (1997). The politics of Canadian foreign policy (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.

Nossal, K. R. (2004). Defending the ‘realm’: Canadian strategic culture revisited. International

Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 59(3), 503-520. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070200405900303

Nossal, K. R. (2013). The liberal past in the conservative present: Internationalism in the Harper era. In H. A. Smith, C. T. Sjolander (Eds.), Canada in the World: Internationalism in Canadian Foreign Policy (pp. 21-35). Oxford University Press.

Nossal, K.R., Roussel, S., & Paquin, S. (2010). International policy and politics in Canada. Pearson Education Canada.

Olson, C. (2023). Promised tanks arrive in Ukraine from Germany and Britain. New

York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/27/world/europe/ukraine-challenger-leopard-2-tanks.html

Paquin, J., & James, P. (Eds.). (2014). Game Changer: The impact of 9/11 on North American

Security. UBC Press.

Paris, R. (2014). Are Canadians still liberal internationalists? Foreign policy and public opinion in the Harper era. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 69(3), 274-307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702014540282

Payton, L. (2011, June 14). Canada’s mission in Libya extended. cbc.ca. http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-s-mission-in-libya-extended-1.988569

Ruggie, J. G. (1992). Multilateralism: The anatomy of an institution. International Organization,

(3), 561-598. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027831

Sjolander, C. T. (2009). A funny thing happened on the road to Kandahar: The competing faces of Canadian internationalism? Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 15(2), 78-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2009.9673488

Sjolander, C. T. (2014). Through the looking glass: Canadian identity and the war of 1812. International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 69(2), 152-167.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702014527892

Smith, T. (2000). Foreign Attachments: The Power of Ethnic Groups in the Making of American

Foreign Policy. Harvard University Press.

Sokolsky, J. J. (1989). A seat at the table: Canada and its alliances. Armed Forces and Society, 16(1), 11-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X8901600103

Statistics Canada. (2022). The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country’s religious and ethnocultural diversity. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (n.d.). Census profile. Census. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=3&type=0

Stein, J. G., & Lang, E. (2007). The unexpected war: Canada in Kandahar. Penguin. Stick, M., & Hou, F. (2022). A sociodemographic profile of Ukrainian-Canadians. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/36-28-0001/2022004/article/00003-eng.htm

Trebesch, C., Antezza, A., Bushnell, K., Frank, A., Frank, P., Franz, L., Kharitonov, I., Kumar, B., Rebinskaya, E., & Schramm, S. (2023). The Ukraine support tracker: Which countries help Ukraine and how? Kiel Institute for the World Economy.

Trudeau, J. (2022a). Remarks concerning Russia’s further invasion of Ukraine. https://pm.gc.ca/en/videos/2022/02/22/remarks-concerning-russias-further-invasion-Ukraine

Trudeau, J. (2022b, March 1). Hansard, 38, 1420.

Trudeau, J. (2022c). Statement by the prime minister on the results of Russia’s sham referendums in occupied regions of Ukraine. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2022/09/27/statement-prime-minister-results-russias-sham-referendums-occupied

Trudeau, J. (2022d). Remarks on the cabinet retreat and Canada’s support for Ukraine.

https://pm.gc.ca/en/videos/2022/01/26/remarks-cabinet-retreat-and-canadas-support-ukraine

Trudeau, J. (2022e). Prime minister concludes successful visit to Belgium and announces additional

support for Ukraine. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2022/03/24/prime-minister-concludes-successful-visit-belgium-and-announces

Trudeau, J. (2022f). Prime minister announces additional military assistance for Ukraine and additional sanctions against Russia. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2022/11/14/prime-minister-announces-additional-military-assistance-ukraine-and

Trudeau, J. (2022g). Updating Canadians on Canada’s response to Russia’s attack on Ukraine.

https://pm.gc.ca/en/videos/2022/02/28/updating-canadians-canadas-response-russias-attack-ukraine

Trudeau, J. (2022h, March 9). Remarks on the Situation in Ukraine at the Munich Security

Conference. https://pm.gc.ca/en/videos/2022/03/09/remarks-situation-ukraine-munich-security-conference

Trudeau, J. (2022i, March 7). Remarks on the situation in Ukraine and announcing additional

sanctions. https://pm.gc.ca/en/videos/2022/03/07/remarks-situation-ukraineand-announcing-additional-sanctions

Trudeau, J. (2022j). Remarks on Russia’s attack on Ukraine. https://pm.gc.ca/en/videos/2022/02/24/remarks-russias-attack-ukraine

Trudeau, J. (2022k, March 1). Hansard, 38, 1420.

Trudeau, J. (2022l). Prime minister announces new measures to support Ukraine. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2022/10/28/prime-minister-announces-new-measures-support-ukraine

Trudeau, J. (2022m, March 7). Trilateral statement by Canada, the United Kingdom, and

the Netherlands. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2022/03/07/trilateralstatement-canada-united-kingdom-and-netherlands

Trudeau, J. (2023). Supporting Ukraine for as long as it takes. https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2023/02/24/supporting-ukraine-long-it-takes

Young, G. (2020, January-February). Peace out. Literary Review of Canada.

Detalles del artículo