unemRevista Universidad y Empresarev.univ.empresa0124-46392145-4558Universidad del Rosario27490710.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/empresa/a.14685SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH ARTICLEThe Mediating Effect of Innovativeness on the Relationship between Financial Literacy and Risk-Taking Propensity: Implications for Graduates' Readiness for EntrepreneurshipEl efecto mediador de la capacidad de innovación en la relación entre los conocimientos financieros y la propensión a asumir riesgos: implicaciones para la disposición de los graduandos a emprenderO efeito mediador da inovação sobre a alfabetização financeira e a propensão ao risco: implicações para a prontidão dos graduados para o empreendedorismo0000-0003-4591-5020SarsaleMelvin S.1 Southern Leyte State University (Philippines). msarsale@southernleytestateu.edu.phSouthern Leyte State UniversityPhilippinesmsarsale@southernleytestateu.edu.ph20062025Jul-Dec20252749e274907Received: 11072024Approved: 05052025This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution LicenseAbstractObjective:
This article examined the mediating role of innovativeness between financial literacy and risk-taking tendency and its implications for graduates' preparedness for self-employment.
Methodology:
This research employed a cross-sectional design with 157 students at a Philippine state university.
Key findings:
Filipino students who were surveyed had moderate financial literacy and entrepreneurial characteristics. Financial literacy, risk-taking willingness, and innovativeness also have a significant relationship. In addition, innovativeness mediates financial literacy and risk-taking willingness.
Conclusion:
Financial literacy and innovativeness influence entrepreneurial readiness. Graduates with these characteristics are more likely to be well-equipped to navigate the challenges and seize the opportunities of entrepreneurship. In response, educational institutions create specific interventions and educational programs to help aspiring students become entrepreneurs and self-employed individuals, help them manage and succeed in various aspects of their future entrepreneurial ventures.
ResumenObjetivo:
este artículo examina el papel mediador de la capacidad de innovación entre los conocimientos financieros y la tendencia a asumir riesgos y sus implicaciones para la preparación de graduandos para el auto-empleo.
Metodología:
se empleó un diseño transversal con 157 estudiantes de una universidad estatal filipina.
Resultados principales:
los estudiantes filipinos encuestados tenían moderados conocimientos financieros y características empresariales. Los conocimientos financieros, la disposición a asumir riesgos y la capacidad de innovación también tienen una relación significativa. Además, la capacidad de innovación influye en los conocimientos financieros y la disposición a asumir riesgos.
Conclusiones:
los conocimientos financieros y la capacidad de innovación influyen en la disposición empresarial. Los graduandos con estas características tienen más probabilidades de estar bien preparados para afrontar los retos y aprovechar las oportunidades del espíritu empresarial. En respuesta, las instituciones educativas crean intervenciones y programas educativos específicos para ayudar a los estudiantes aspirantes a convertirse en empresarios y trabajadores autónomos, ayudarles a gestionar y tener éxito en diversos aspectos de sus futuras iniciativas empresariales.
ResumoObjetivo:
este artigo examinou o papel mediador da inovação entre a alfabetização financeira e a tendência ao risco, bem como suas implicações para a prontidão dos graduados para o empreendedorismo.
Metodologia:
utilizou-se um desenho transversal com 157 estudantes de uma universidade estadual nas Filipinas.
Resultados:
os estudantes filipinos pesquisados demonstraram alfabetização financeira e características empreendedoras moderadas. Alfabetização financeira, disposição para assumir riscos e inovação também apresentaram uma relação significativa. Além disso, a inovação atua como mediadora entre a alfabetização financeira e a propensão para assumir riscos.
Conclusão:
a alfabetização financeira e a inovação influenciam a prontidão empreendedora. Graduados com essas características provavelmente tendem a estar mais bem preparados para enfrentar os desafios e aproveitar as oportunidades do empreendedorismo. Diante disso, as instituições de ensino podem criar intervenções e programas educacionais específicos para ajudar estudantes aspirantes a se tornarem empreendedores e profissionais autónomos, capacitando-os para lidar com diversos aspectos da gestão e do sucesso em suas futuras atividades empreendedoras.
Keywords:financial literacyrisk-taking propensityinnovativenessPalabras clave:conocimientos financierospropensión al riesgocapacidad de innovaciónPalavras-chave:alfabetização financeirapropensão ao riscoinovaçãoIntroduction
The increasing financial market sophistication and global competition demand high entrepreneurial and finance literacy abilities from potential Filipino entrepreneurs. These skills are essential for solving problems, identifying niches, and attracting clients (Ranalan et al., 2022). By understanding finances, prospective investors have become well-equipped to cope with launching and growing the business (Morales, 2023). On the one hand, successful entrepreneurs are characterized by their willingness to take risks and venture into unfamiliar territory to achieve their goals (Al-Mamary & Alshallaqi, 2022). On the other hand, their creativity in formulating new ideas and solutions is equally essential for entrepreneurial success. Acknowledging the impact of financial literacy on risk-taking behavior and creativity in young Filipino entrepreneurs is important for their success and for promoting economic development (Guliman, 2020; Damoah, 2020).
When paired with financial literacy, a positive attitude toward risk becomes a key factor in the successful entrepreneurial journey of today's young Filipinos (Almeda et al., 2020). Entrepreneurship means trying to do the impossible, being open to unexpectedness, and being able to measure your risks (Quezon & Vergara, 2022). However, while the extent to which they are willing to bear such risks may vary, it ultimately influences the outcomes of their entrepreneurial ventures (Llanos-Contreras et al., 2020). As a result, identifying the factors that influence risk aversion-specifically among aspiring Filipino youth aiming to start a business-is essential for developing strategic plans to foster a culture of entrepreneurship and innovation in the country.
Innovativeness is one of the key factors that may influence the relationship between financial literacy and risk-taking propensity (Duréndez et al., 2023). Innovativeness-characterized by creativity, adaptability, and a readiness to generate new ideas-may moderate the relationship between the ability of financial literacy to decrease risk-taking propensity among young entrepreneurs (Tipu & Fantazy, 2023). Through this innovative and imaginative mindset, individuals become more inclined to take risks and pursue the launch of their own businesses (Shahzad et al., 2021). However, the mediating effect of innovativeness on this relationship has yet to be thoroughly examined, especially within the Philippine context. By studying this mediation effect, the researcher can gain crucial insights into how financial literacy influences risk propensity among young Filipino entrepreneurs.
The gap in the literature prompts this study to examine how financial literacy, risk-taking propensity, and innovativeness are interconnected among aspiring Filipino youth. Specifically, this research tries to know how financial literacy influences risk propensity and whether innovativeness influences this. By revealing these relationships, this study contributes to the current knowledge on the determinants of youth entrepreneurship in the Philippines. Also, the results of this research could be used to design intervention programs and educational initiatives aimed at increasing the financial literacy and entrepreneurial skills of young Filipino entrepreneurs, thereby fostering an environment for innovation and economic growth in the country.
Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
The three theoretical frameworks employed in this study are the human capital theory, the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) theory. Human capital theory (Becker, 1964) emphasizes the effect of skills and knowledge, e.g., financial literacy, on an individual's economic success and career path. The TPB (Ajzen, 1991) describes the relationship between attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and intentions and how these factors shape behavior-providing a framework for understanding how risk-taking capability and financial knowledge might influence entrepreneurial intention. Meanwhile, the EO model (Lumpkin & Dess, 1996) sets innovativeness and risk-taking as key dimensions of entrepreneurial behavior. These theories help explain why internal capacities and external factors create graduates' entrepreneurial readiness.
Anchored on these theories, this study suggests a conceptual model incorporating innovativeness as a mediating variable between risk-taking tendency and financial literacy (see Figure 1). This theoretical advance draws from prior studies by explaining how financial knowledge is translated into entrepreneurial action using innovation. While previous studies have been familiar with examining these constructs independently, this framework brings them together per the dynamic interaction of the competencies needed to facilitate entrepreneurship.
Framework of the study
/Source: Own elaboration.
Financial Literacy and Innovativeness
Financial literacy plays a significant role in building an entrepreneurial ecosystem, which is especially important for young entrepreneurs, as it helps establish strong connection between innovation and others (Burchi et al., 2021). Equipping aspiring entrepreneurs with fundamental financial skills will enable them to understand financial concepts, allocate resources, and make informed decisions-ultimately helping them identify and capitalize on entrepreneurial opportunities within their industries (Alshebami & Al Marri, 2022). Financial literacy fuels inventiveness, enabling young entrepreneurs to think, plan, and execute creative business plans that spur much-needed growth and profitability in today's competitive markets (Duréndez et al., 2023).
Furthermore, financial literacy fosters an environment of innovation and entrepre-neurship among young entrepreneurs by promoting continuous learning and exposure to risk and knowledge. This, in turn, contributes to economic growth, job creation, and social development (Liu et al., 2021). Closely connected with innovation-driven economic growth and society's development, an entrepreneur's financial literacy opens the way to entrepreneurial success and achieving a social mission. Therefore, financial literacy should be considered when designing a business.
To further realize the importance of financial literacy in entrepreneurial behavior, it is essential to recognize its influence on entrepreneurs' risk preference tendencies. Financial literacy, or the capacity to execute financial transactions, investments, and decision-making, is key to building a financially intelligent image (Fong et al., 2021). The extensive apprehension of financial perspective enables budding entrepreneurs to evaluate risks and determine the course of their business procedures regarding investments, resource allocations, and business strategy (Kulathunga et al., 2020; Ye & Kulathunga, 2019). In addition to being risk-takers, those with higher financial literacy tend to view risks as chances, being more confident even with uncertain ventures (Molina-García et al., 2023). Besides, financial literacy offers entrepreneurs the tools to mitigate risks and maximize profits, cultivating a culture of strategic risk-taking critical to entrepreneurial success (Adewumi, 2022).
Risk-taking is another benefit, as financial literacy supports innovations and start-ups (Shahzad et al., 2021). It develops economic choice confidence, makes people creative, and challenges standards. Financial literate and economically intelligent entrepreneurs are useful for market value formation, forecasting potential trends, and driving economic growth (Omoniyi & Bongani, 2022). Finally, the link between financial literacy and risk-taking also emphasizes the role of financial education as a driver behind entrepreneurial mindset and behavior, promoting a rich, unique, and healthy entrepreneurial culture (Ogbari, 2023).
Financial Literacy and Risk-Taking Propensity through Innovativeness
Financial literacy positively enhances risk-taking by expanding people's knowledge of economic principles and resource management skills, leading to greater inclination toward taking calculated risks (Duréndez et al., 2023). However, a portion of this relationship is mediated by innovativeness, as those perceiving themselves as innovative exhibit a higher inclination towards risk-taking (Giaccone & Magnusson, 2022). It emphasizes innovativeness as a key mechanism through which financial literacy influences risk-taking (Duréndez et al., 2023). Furthermore, the mediation effect emphasizes the interrelatedness of psychological variables that shape entrepreneurial decision-making, suggesting consideration of financial literacy and innovativeness (Song et al., 2020). Policymakers and educators can utilize such insight to design interventions that promote financial literacy and innovativeness, thereby establishing entrepreneurial innovation and entrepreneurial success-conducive conditions.
H3: Innovativeness mediates the relationship between financial literacy and risk-taking propensity.
Innovativeness and Risk-Taking Propensity
For entrepreneurial behavior and success to be clearly understood, recognizing the critical connection between creativity and a propensity to take risks is warranted (Voda et al., 2019). The main driving force behind individuals' willingness to take risks in entrepreneurship is innovativeness, characterized by creativity, adaptability, and the ability to generate ideas (Williams et al., 2021). Those people who consider themselves creative are more likely to embrace risk, search for development opportunities, and even go beyond boundaries in their entrepreneurial activities (Murnieks et al., 2020). This thinking leads to contesting norms, developing new strategies, and entering business oddities with unpredictable outcomes.
Besides, the positive effect of the innovative process on risk-taking highlights its role as a subject of entrepreneurial innovation and improved economic performance (García-Lopera et al., 2022). In the dynamic business environment, creative people can understand and take quick action when business opportunities arise, driving economic growth by developing new products and services and opening new markets. Building entrepreneurial prowess among entrepreneurs is essential for entrepreneurial success and contributes to broader societal and economic development.
In examining the mediating role of perceived innovativeness on risk-taking tendency and financial literacy among prospective young Filipino entrepreneurs, the study used a quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional design, as it involves collecting data at a single point in time to provide a snapshot of the population of interest (Wang & Cheng, 2020). The study used a three-part survey instrument to gather the needed data among the 157 business students enrolled in a Philippine university.
The first part has three categorical questions and describes the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics. The second part consists of 42 Likert scale-type questions. It measures the student's financial literacy level using three essential subscales forwarded by Razafimahasolo et al. (2016), which include "cash management," "financial records," and "savings plans." The third part comprises 39 Likert scale-type questions. It evaluates the respondent's entrepreneurial characteristics using six subscales proposed by Anwar and Saleem (2019): "risk-taking propensity," "innovativeness," "locus of control," "need for achievement," "general self-efficacy," and "tolerance for ambiguity." The reliabilities of Cronbach's alpha of all subscales varied from 0.782 to 0.95, which far exceeded the recommended minimum limit of 0.70 (Urbach & Ahlemann, 2010). Moreover, the researcher obtained the necessary approval from the university before administering the survey. The researcher also ensured all respondents provided informed consent before taking the survey, and the anonymity of responses was guaranteed throughout the process.
ResultsSocio-Demographic Characteristics of Aspiring Young Filipino Entrepreneurs
Table 1 presents respondents' socio-demographic profile details, including gender distribution, income, and having a family business. The gender distribution is mostly female (79.62 %) compared to male (20.38 %). Concerning monthly family income, most respondents (59.87 %) fall within the 7,890 and below Philippine pesos category and are typically low-income earners. At the same time, only a small percentage indicated higher income. Moreover, a minority of respondents (17.20 %) indicated owning a family business, while the majority (82.80 %) did not.
Description of the respondent's socio-demographic characteristics
Source: Own elaboration.
Perceived Financial Literacy and Entrepreneurial Characteristics of Aspiring Young Filipino Entrepreneurs
Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of aspiring entrepreneurs' assessment of their financial literacy and entrepreneurial characteristics. The financial literacy-oriented variables, cash management, financial records, and savings plans, show that respondents scored moderately high in financial literacy with fairly low standard deviations, indicating that most participants agreed. In addition, the above-mentioned entrepreneurial personality factors, including risk propensity, innovative behavior, perceived control, need for achievement, general self-efficacy, and ambiguity tolerance, are almost constant, with standard deviation values implying consistent responses from the subjects. This information reveals moderately high financial literacy among future entrepreneurs. The data also shares good entrepreneurial attributes, which can contribute to their success as entrepreneurs.
Descriptive statistics of the aspiring entrepreneurs' assessment on their financial literacy and entrepreneurial characteristics
Mediation Analysis using Innovativeness as a Mediator between Financial Literacy and Risk-Taking Propensity among Aspiring Young Filipino Entrepreneurs
Table 3 displays correlation statistics among the variables under consideration. Students with good financial literacy tend to have higher risk-taking propensity, which means they are more likely to invest more money in riskier ventures when compared to those who have poor financial literacy. Similarly, studies indicate that financial literacy has a positive association with innovativeness, thus suggesting that those with high financial literacy may also show innovative behaviors. Additionally, gender demonstrates a moderate positive correlation with risk-aversion tendency, indicating that men are more prone to risk-taking than women, as supported by the moderated positive correlation. However, the interconnections between other variables such as gender, monthly family income, owning a family business, and so on are not correlated, and these may have no clear relationship between them and financial literacy or entrepreneurial characteristics.
Correlation statistics of the variables
Variables
1
2
3
4
5 6
Financial literacy
-
Risk-taking propensity
0.415***
-
Innovativeness
0.268***
0.561***
-
Gender
0.028ns
0.158**
0.075ns
-
Monthly family income
0.046ns
-0.020ns
0.019 ns
-0.003ns
-
Owning a family business
0.061ns
-0.021ns
-0.075ns
0.021ns
0.195* -
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 ns: not significant.
Source: Own elaboration.
Table 4 presents mediation estimates analyzing the influence of perceived innovativeness on the relationship between financial literacy and risk-taking propensity. The table indicates a significant direct effect of financial literacy toward risk-taking propensity (z-value = 4.416; p < 0.001). On the other hand, the indirect impact also shows a significant influence of financial literacy on risk-taking propensity mediated by perceived innovativeness (z-value = 3.157; p < 0.001), which indicates a statistically substantial positive mediation effect. The result of the study shows that the literature review confirms financial literacy as the fundamental component of risk propensity among young entrepreneurs (z-value = 5.720; p < 0.001). Moreover, the mediation analysis shows that the direct relationship between financial literacy and risk inclination is 68.9 %, while the relationship mediated by perceived innovativeness is only 31.1 %. Therefore, financial literacy has a direct association with risk-taking propensity while, at the same time, individuals' perceptions of their own innovativeness play an indirect role.
Mediation estimates caused by perceived innovativeness on the financial literacy and risk-taking propensity relationship
Effects
B
SE
z-value
p-value
% mediation
Direct
0.362
0.082
4.416
<0.001
68.9
Indirect
0.164
0.052
3.157
<0.001
31.1
Total
0.526
0.092
5.720
<0.001
100.0
Source: Own elaboration.
The path estimates presented in Table 5 indicate that innovativeness serves as the mediating variable between financial literacy and risk-taking propensity. The process of innovativeness leading to risk-taking propensity demonstrates that innovativeness positively predicts risk-taking propensity. Thus, individuals who are digitized and perceive themselves as more innovative are more likely to exhibit higher levels of risk-taking propensity. Finally, the effect of financial literacy on risk-taking propensity points out an impressive positive correlation between financial literacy and risk-taking propensity, indicating that people with high financial awareness show a higher inclination to take risks. In addition, the pathway from financial literacy to innovativeness confirms that financial literacy is a positive predictor of innovativeness, which means that those with greater financial knowledge are more likely to perceive themselves as innovative.
Path estimates using innovativeness as mediating variable
Paths
B
SE
z-value
p-value
Innovativeness
- Risk-taking propensity
0.465
0.062
7.484
<0.001
Financial literacy
- Risk-taking propensity
0.362
0.082
4.416
<0.001
Financial literacy
- Innovativeness
0.353
0.101
3.482
<0.001
Source: Own elaboration.
Table 6 presents the results of the hypothesis testing conducted as part of the research. Firstly, the hypothesis regarding the relationship between financial literacy and innovativeness is supported, suggesting that respondents with higher financial literacy tend to be more innovative than those with lower financial literacy levels. Moreover, the study's hypothesis is further supported by the finding that individuals with higher financial literacy show greater risk-taking propensity than aspiring entrepreneurs with lower financial literacy scores. The hypothesis regarding the mediating effect of innovativeness on the relationship between financial literacy and risk-taking readiness has also been supported. Finally, the results also indicate that innovativeness serves as a predictor variable. Therefore, individuals who perceive themselves as innovative are more likely to exhibit risk-taking behavior. The empirical results of the hypothesis testing confirm that all three elements positively influence financial literacy, innovativeness, and risk-taking propensity.
Hypothesis testing results
Hypothesis
Results
Financial literacy
- Innovativeness
Supported
Financial literacy
- Risk-taking propensity
Supported
Financial literacy
- Innovativeness
- Risk-taking propensity
Supported
Innovativeness
- Risk-taking propensity
Supported
Source: Own elaboration.
Discussion and implications
Drawing from the implications of this empirical research, the researcher determines key areas that play an important part in this attempt to build an integrated picture of the interaction among financial literacy, risk-taking inclination, and innovativeness of prospective young entrepreneurs.
First, financial literacy enhances innovativeness by providing the skills and knowledge necessary to make sound financial decisions, mitigate risks, and conserve resources. Knowledge of financial principles enables individuals to confidently pursue challenges and make proactive decisions in transforming environments (Alshebami & Al Marri, 2022). This financial literacy fosters engagement in new enterprises, testing new concepts, and adjustment to new market patterns (Duréndez et al., 2023). Facilitating individuals to assess risks and possible outcomes more accurately reduces fear of failure, allowing them to take calculated risks and pursue entrepreneurial opportunities (Shahzad et al., 2021).
Financial literacy also develops a mindset conducive to opportunity, strategic planning, and thinking for the long term-three key drivers of innovation (Hamdan, 2023). With enhanced financial literacy, individuals are better equipped to anticipate trends before they emerge and capitalize on them to drive growth and sustainability. The informed and visionary approach enables them to pursue creative solutions, foster business growth, and contribute to economic growth (Khursanaliyev & Solidjonov, 2024). Financial literacy is the foundation for innovative thinking that stimulates individuals and businesses to thrive in a constantly evolving economy, instilling optimism and faith in the future (Kumar et al., 2023).
Second, a solid understanding of financial principles and the ability to accurately evaluate risks and rewards, can increase one's willingness to take risks. With this knowledge, individuals can more confidently pursue investment opportunities, entrepreneurial ventures, and other financial decisions, thereby reducing the uncertainty and anxiety that often hinder risk-taking (Ahmad et al., 2024). Those trained in finances can take risks more confidently (Molina-García et al., 2023). They can estimate the advantages, bear losses, and diversify investment to anticipate and avoid potential deficiencies (Adewumi, 2022).
Financial literacy also enables a cautious approach to risk-taking by empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their financial future. Financially literate people understand the importance of dealing with present risks and future benefits (Lusardi & Messy, 2023). In assuming a well-organized risk, they can identify it as appropriate and affirmative (Hermansson & Jonsson, 2021). Such awareness fosters a positive attitude toward risk-taking, enabling individuals to seize new opportunities and contribute to progress and economic development.
Third, innovators serve as the pillars of opportunity recognition, indirectly exerting a positive influence on risk-taking propensity. They foster open-mindedness toward new ideas, experimentation, and unconventional solutions. Innovative individuals naturally venture into uncharted territory and take calculated risks (Williams et al., 2021; Torres-Coronas & Vidal-Blasco, 2019). Their proactive problem-solving attitude enables them to transform potential threats into opportunities, making their willingness to work in uncertain situations a core characteristic of their pursuit of breakthroughs and advancement of their goals (Murnieks et al., 2020).
Also, innovation may accompany experimentation, and failure is treated as a learning opportunity and not a hurdle (Rhaiem & Amara, 2021). Such a mindset promotes taking risks because innovators realize that even failed results can yield insightful information for the next attempt (Giaccone & Magnusson, 2022). Driven by potential benefits, including new and competitive markets, innovative stakeholders are expected to embrace risks and bring forth profound transformation and influence (Suhada et al., 2021). This desire creates a risk-taking culture that sustains innovation and growth.
Meanwhile, innovativeness mediates risk-taking tendency and financial literacy, bridging the gap between knowledge and action. Financial literacy enables individuals to make judgments regarding available risks and incentives, and creativity enables them to use that information to assume calculated risks (Duréndez et al., 2023; Torres-Coronas & Vidal-Blasco, 2019). People with a good grasp of finances can find opportunities in volatile situations. Their creativity compels them to use their knowledge to try new things, experiment with new ideas, discover various strategies, and venture into possibilities that can result in valuable returns, giving them an optimistic and hopeful attitude (Giaccone & Magnusson, 2022).
Innovativeness enhances the effect of financial literacy on risk willingness by encouraging innovative thinking (Al-Mamary & Alshallaqi, 2022). Financially literate individuals with innovation will likely see economic risks as opportunities for growth and not threats (Klapper & Lusardi, 2020). Innovativeness motivates them to be innovative thinkers, considering all circumstances with an objective and in-depth mindset, take bold steps toward their goals, and balance potential profits against calculated risks.
Finally, innovativeness encourages the active application of economic knowledge, thus promoting a bolder risk-taking attitude (Duréndez et al., 2023). Although financial literacy may inspire prudence and innovativeness, it inspires creative risk-taking through pursuing new avenues and unconventional strategies. Such creative application of financial knowledge expands the impact of financial literacy on risk-taking orientation, promoting more deliberate and assertive decision-making that leads to development and innovation.
Conclusions
This study examined the mediating role of innovativeness in the relationship between financial literacy and risk-taking propensity among potential Filipino entrepreneurs. Results indicate a multifaceted relationship between these variables, referring to how these variables influence entrepreneurial behavior. Financial literacy is viewed as a key component in enabling creativity. Training individuals with the information and knowledge necessary to make sound financial decisions enables them to manage risks, optimize resource use, and develop an attitude that encourages opportunity recognition, strategic thinking, and long-term thinking. Financial literacy also positively impacts individuals' willingness to take risks. They generally assessed risk properly and made reasonable judgments, reducing their fear of being risk-averse and boosting their risk willingness.
Innovativeness played a mediating role that bridged financial literacy and risk willingness. Encouraging creative thinking promotes seeing challenges as opportunities and learning from failures, developing risk-taking and entrepreneurial activities through novel ideas, experimentation, and thinking outside the box. This study adds to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the interconnectedness among risk-taking attitudes, financial literacy, and innovation among young Filipino entrepreneurs. The results strongly resonate with policymakers and educational institutions, suggesting that these qualities must be nurtured to achieve economic growth and entrepreneurship.
Although this research provides interesting evidence of the mediating effect of innovativeness on the financial literacy and risk tolerance of Filipino students, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits the ability to establish absolute cause-and-effect relationships. Second, restricting the sample to students from a single Philippine university constrains the external validity of the results. Longitudinal designs in later studies can be used to follow up with graduates after some years, producing more robust evidence of the effect of financial literacy, innovativeness, and risk tolerance in enabling them to be successful at self-employment to counteract these limitations. Comparative research with potential entrepreneurs in other nations may also reveal more widespread cultural or educational determinants of these variables.
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